The Energy Transition and Shifts in Fossil Fuel Use: The Study of International Energy Trade and Energy Security Dynamics

The global energy mix is undergoing an accelerating transformation driven by new resources, novel technologies, and climate change-related commitments. Changes in the use availability of resources have affected fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) trade patterns. Some economies enjoy increasing independence, whereas others become more dependent on imports to satisfy their needs. Using 2000–2018 United Nations Commodity International Energy Agency energy- monetary-flow data, we examine evolution international network flows reveal patterns understand security implications. Our work explores how growth U.S. unconventional European Union renewable energy, China’s gas consumption, changes other country affect economy positions trade-network connectivity. Testing small-world property helps us diffusion including energy-demand electrification adoption. A modified energy-security index introduced highlight interplay between fuel type partner diversification domestic supply consumption balance. results provide insights about transition its effect security.